Today at our final noon conference for the ID/Global Health block, we had Dr. Kevan Akrami, a PCCM and ID-trained alumni of our residency program join us from Brazil to discuss pulmonary infections in immunocompromised hosts. He led our ward teams through three patient cases that highlighted the immune defects present in various immunocompromising conditions, including fungal and atypical infections. Some overarching themes include:
Host immunity defect, vaccination and prohylaxis history will determine which organisms are most likely to cause infection
Chest radiograph may be atypical or falsely negative with high degree of immune suppression. CT chest increases sensitivity and specificity although limitations remain.
Early diagnosis and treatment are key to decrease morbidity and mortality
Concurrent pulmonary infections can occur in the severely immune compromised
Reconstitution of the immune system can unmask TB or paradoxically worsen (IRIS) on treatment
You can find Dr. Akrami’s slides on our blog here.
This morning we were lucky to be joined by Dr. Judd Landsberg, one of our stellar VA Pulmonary professors, for a discussion of the management of pneumothoraces. We discussed the pathophysiology of how air enters and is trapped within the pleural space and causes progressive lung collapse. We then moved on to the first management issue of pneumothorax – conservative management with supplemental oxygen versus placement of a chest tube. We discussed the difference between placing a chest tube to “suction” versus “water seal,” as well as how to troubleshoot tubing malfunctions. We also discussed two interventional options (Video Assisted Thorascopic Surgery and Endobronchial Valve Placement) for patients whose pneumothorax increases on water seal. Finally, we discussed how to assess when a chest tube is ready to be removed (resolution of the PTX along with an absence of air leak).
A special thank you to Dr. Landsberg for sharing his wisdom and approach to pneumothorax management with us. Check out his diagrams and schemas – just a teaser of the high-yield content available in his manual which is based on his experiences caring for our vets!
On Thursday morning at the VA, we discussed the management of acute COPD exacerbation. The patient was a 65 year-old man with GOLD class D COPD admitted several hours prior with increased productive cough and wheezing for the past 5 days. He developed worsening shortness of breath with evidence of diffuse wheezing and accessory muscle use on physical exam despite treatment with antibiotics, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids. His labs were consistent with an acute on chronic respiratory acidosis and the decision was made to initiate bi-level non-invasive ventilation. With the help of our expert pulmonologist, Dr. Mark Fuster, we discussed the variables to consider when initiating BiPAP as well as how to interpret the machine interface and waveforms.
We then discussed variable that indicate that hypercarbic respiratory failure is responding to NIV, and the need to remain at bedside to assess the patient in real time. An hour later, the patient continued to be tachypneic with evidence of worsening acidosis. We considered variables to troubleshoot, including assessment of tidal volumes, adequacy of EPAP, and evaluation of patient-ventilator dyssynchrony (including the need to watch out for dynamic hyperinflation!) The patient in this case had a large amount of leak around his face mask (due to a full beard) and improved when switched to a nasal interface and an increase in his driving pressure.
Special thanks to Dr. Fuster and all our participating residents!
At Hillcrest this morning Janna Raphelson, one of our stellar residents, presented a case of a 75-year-old man with history of steroid-dependent interstitial lung disease, chronic kidney disease, and serious TMP-SMX allergy who presented to the VA with increased dyspnea, fatigue, and headache one month after starting dapsone for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis. He was found to have an acute anemia that was stabilized by transfusion of pRBCs and subsequently characterized as hemolytic. On exam, the patient was cyanotic with an oxygen saturation in the mid-80% that was unresponsive to up titration of supplemental oxygen.
We were joined by Dr. Mark Hepokoski from our PCCM division as we unpacked the causes of hypoxemia and why we need to calculate an alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient. While the patient’s A-a gradient was increased (from baseline IPF and mild interstitial edema), there was a clear discrepancy between his SpO2 (pulse oximeter) and PaO2 (blood gas). This reminded us that impaired oxygen delivery to tissues (hypoxia) has multiple potential etiologies: hypoxemic, anemic, circulatory, histotoxic. The next step in the evaluation of our patient involved obtaining co-oximetry which revealed increased levels of methemoglobin!
The pulse oximeter is only able to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hemoglobin. If significant levels to methemoglobin build up, the machine interprets this as a saturation of approximately 85%. In addition to causing a functional anemia, methemoglobinemia shifts the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the left. This effect causes increased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and decreases oxygen unloading in tissues. We compared our patient’s case to the other acquired dyshemoglobinemia that we sometimes encounter, carbon monoxide poisoning.
Despite the patient’s normal G6PD screen prior to starting dapsone, he still developed known complications of this medication’s oxidative effect: hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. Our patient’s methemoglobinemia was partially treated by blood transfusions and given concern for toxicity in renal failure, he did not receive the standard treatment of methylene blue and vitamin C. The patient slowly recovered following discontinuation of dapsone (switched for inhaled pentamidine for ongoing PJP ppx) and is now back to his baseline.
Thank you to Dr. Hepokoski for sharing his wisdom and clinical expertise and thank you to all of our applicants for joining us for another great morning report!
This Thursday, we restarted our join teaching conferences with our partners in Maputo, Mozambique! We discussed a case of an 83-year-old man who presented with several months of progressive shortness of breath, dry cough, and weight loss. On exam, he had absence of breath sounds over the right hemithorax with dullness to percussion and absent tactile fremitus. His chest radiograph demonstrated unilateral white out, and we considered two possibilities for this finding: a large pleural effusion or a mainstem bronchial obstruction causing lung collapse.
Our expert discussant, the legendary VA pulmonologist Dr. Judd Landsberg, guided us through the CXR interpretation and why it was consistent with an effusion: large spacing between ribs and tracheal deviation away from the affected hemithorax.
A thoracentesis was performed and was consistent with an exudate by Light’s criteria. We formed a differential for exudative effusion and discussed why two possibilities were most likely for this particular patient: malignancy and Tuberculosis. Unfortunately, the patient’s thoracentesis was followed by the discovery of a pneumothorax. We considered the mechanism and management of this complication and how to proceed in case where the pneumothorax is increasing: placement of a chest tube.
Thank you to Dr. Landsberg for all of his clinical pearls and the Maputo residents for their participation!
Join the COVID-19 Critical Care Training Forum for another high-yield session this Tuesday, 12/8 at 5pm. This week’s topic is “The Management of Patients with Severe ARDS Due to COVID-19 with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO).”
Presenters/Discussants include: Daniel Brodie, MD, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons; Eddy Fan, MD, PhD, FRCPC, University of Toronto and UHN/MSH; Cameron McGuire, MD, Fellow, UCSD; and Lauren Sullivan, MD, Fellow, UCSD
Join us on Tuesday, November 10th at 5 PM to learn about the work-up and management of pulmonary emboli during the current pandemic. Dr. Laura Crotty Alexander will moderate the session and we are lucky to have amazing expert discussants, including UCSD’s own Drs. Timothy Morris, Timothy Fernandes, and Daniel Bond. We will also hear from Drs. Richard Channick (UCLA) and Victor Tapson (Cedars-Sinai).
Earn CME Credit in this Upcoming Forum! Register here:
This one-hour webinar will focus on the incidence, pathogenesis and management of patients with thromboses during the COVID-19 pandemic. We will present cases of pulmonary emboli, review how the recommended workup and management of these cases has evolved over the duration of the pandemic, and discuss potential mechanisms underlying the prothrombotic state seen in COVID-19.
Join us for another installment of the ATS COVID-19 Critical Care Training Forum tonight, Tuesday 8/25, at 5 PM. This forum focuses on teaching critical care topics followed by an open discussion for early career professionals and non-ICU trained healthcare providers. Two of your co-residents, Neal Jones and Ali Crisp, will discuss their experience providing Tele-ICU care to patients in El Centro.
Topic: Providing Virtual Critical Care / Tele-ICU in Resource Limited and Cross-Cultural Settings: Challenges and Opportunities for Volunteerism, Education and Patient Care
Moderator: Laura E. Crotty Alexander, MD, UCSD, PCCSM
Join our UCSD Pulmonary and Critical Care faculty and fellows for a lively and high-yield discussion on the care of patients with COVID-19. Since April, this virtual forum has been bringing expert guidance for providers without critical care training in an accessible format. Tomorrow’s session will include an all-star UCSD line-up:
“COVID-19 Case Presentation” by Erica Lin, MD
“Best Practices in Caring for Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients” by Amy Bellinghausen Stewart, MD
“Updates and Controversies in COVID Care: what therapies have and have not panned out” by Cameron McGuire, MD
“Mechanisms Underlying Hypoxemia in COVID-19″ by Atul Malhotra, MD
You can register and watch recordings of prior sessions of this forum at:
